List of African writers by country
This is a list of prominent and notable writers from Africa, including poets, novelists, children's writers, essayists, and scholars, listed by country.
- Noureddine Aba (1921–1996), playwright and poet.[Gikandi]
- Ferhat Abbas (1899–1995), political leader and essayist.[Gikandi]
- Salim Aïssa, pseudonym of Boukella, writer of detective fiction.[Gikandi]
- Wasini al-A'raj (1954– ), novelist and short story writer.[Gikandi]
- Malek Alloula (1937– ), poet and critic.[Gikandi]
- Djamal Amrani (1935–2005), poet and essayist.[Gikandi]
- Jean Amrouche (1907–1962), poet.[Gikandi]
- Marguerite Taos Amrouche (1913–1976), writer and singer.[Gikandi]
- Leila Aouchal (1937– ), novelist.[Gikandi]
- Maya Arriz Tamza (1957– ), storyteller, novelist and playwright.[Gikandi]
- Fatima Bakhaï (1949– ).[Gikandi]
- Azouz Begag (1957– ), social scientist and novelist.[Gikandi]
- Rabah Belamri (1946–1995), poet, short story writer and critic.[Gikandi]
- Myriam Ben (1928–2001), novelist, poet and activist.[Gikandi]
- 'Abdelhamid Ben Hadouga (1928–1996), novelist and short story writer.[Gikandi]
- Jacqueline Benslimane, poet.[Gikandi]
- Réda Bensmaia, novelist and critic.[Gikandi]
- Albert Bensoussan, novelist, translator and academic.[Gikandi]
- Fatiha Berezak, poet and performer.[Gikandi]
- Aïcha Bouabaci, poet and short story writer.[Gikandi]
- Rachid Boudjedra (1941– ), writer and educator.[Gikandi]
- Nina Bouraoui (1967– ), novelist.[Gikandi]
- Hocine Bouzaher (1935– ), poet, politician and editor.[Gikandi]
- Albert Camus (1913–1960), author, philosopher and journalist.
- Hélène Cixous (1937–), feminist writer and critic.
- Djamila Debeche (1926– ), novelist and essayist.[Gikandi]
- Jacques Derrida (1930–2004), philosopher.
- Mohammed Dib (1920–2003), novelist and poet.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Tahar Djaout (1954–1993), journalist, poet and fiction writer.[Gikandi]
- Assia Djebar (1936– ), Francophone writer, film-maker and academic.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Frantz Fanon, originally from Martinique (1925–1961), psychiatrist, philosopher and political theorist.
- Achour Fenni, poet and academic.
- Mouloud Feraoun (1913–1962).[Gikandi]
- Touati Fettouma (1950– ), Francophone novelist of the Maghreb.[Killam & Rowe]
- Fatima Gallaire (1944– ), playwright.[Gikandi]
- Anna Greki, pseudonym of Colette Anna Grégoire (1931–1966), poet.[Gikandi]
- Malek Haddad (1927–1978), novelist and poet.[Gikandi]
- Aicha Lemsine (1942– ), novelist.[Gikandi]
- Mouloud Mammeri (1917–1989), Kabyle writer, anthropologist and linguist.[Gikandi]
- Latifa Ben Mansour (1950– ), writer and linguist.
- Rachid Mimouni (1945–1995), writer, teacher and activist.[Gikandi]
- Ahlam Mostaghanemi (1953– ), novelist.[Gikandi]
- Mohammed Ould Cheikh (1905–1938), poet and novelist.[Gikandi]
- Leila Rezzoug (1956– ), novelist.[Gikandi]
- Leïla Sebbar (1941– ), novelist.[Gikandi]
- Jean Sénac (1926–1962), poet.[Gikandi]
- al-Tāhir Wattar (1936– ), novelist.[Gikandi]
- Kateb Yacine (1929–1989), novelist and playwright.[Gikandi]
- Ahmed Zitouni (1949– ), novelist.[Gikandi]
- José Eduardo Agualusa (1960– ), journalist and writer.[Gikandi]
- Mário Pinto de Andrade (1928–1990), poet and politician
- Arlindo Barbeitos (1940– ), poet
- Mendes de Carvalho, writing as Uanhenga Xitu, politician and Africanist writer in Portugese and Kimbundu.[Gikandi][1]
- Lopito Feijóo (1963– ), poet.[2]
- António Jacinto (1924–1991), poet and political activist.[Gikandi]
- Sousa Jamba (1966– ), Anglophone journalist and novelist.[3]
- Luis Kandjimbo (1960– ), essayist and critic.[4]
- Dia Kassembe (1946– ), Francophone writer and novelist.[5]
- Alda Lara (1930–1962), poet.
- Reis Luís, or "Mbwanga" (1968– ), Portugese-language novelist.[6]
- João Maimona (1955– ), poet and essayist.[7]
- Manuel Rui Monteiro (1941– ), poet.[Gikandi][8]
- Agostinho Neto (1922–1979), poet.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Ondjaki (1977– ), poet, novelist and dramatist.
- Pepetela, pen-name of Artur Carlos Maurício Pestana dos Santos (1941–), writer of fiction.[Gikandi]
- Oscar Ribas (1909–2004), novelist
- Paula Tavares (1952– ), poet.
- José Luandino Vieira (1935– ), short-story writer and novelist.[Gikandi]
- Stanislas Adotevi (1934– ), French-language academic and philosopher.[Gikandi]
- Berte-Evelyne Agbo, French-language poet also connected with Senegal.
- Barbara Akplogan (1984 – ), French-language writer.[9]
- Julien Alapini (1906–1971), ethnographer and playwright.[Gikandi]
- Francis Aupiais (1877–1945), French-born missionary and anthopologist.[10]
- Olympe Bhêly-Quenum (1928 – ), writer and journalist.[Gikandi]
- Jérôme Carlos (1944– ), poet.[Gikandi]
- Florent Couao-Zotti (1964), writer of comics, plays and short stories.
- Félix Couchoro (1900–1968), novelist.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Moudjib Djinadou (1965– ), novelist.[Gikandi]
- Paul Hazoumé (1890–19800, novelist.[Gikandi]
- Gisèle Hountondji (1954– ), French-language novelist.[11]
- Paulin J. Hountondji (1942– ), philosopher and politician.
- Paulin Joachim (1931– ), poet, journalist and editor.
- Barnabé Laye (1941 – ), poet.[Gikandi]
- Hortense Mayaba, French-language novelist and children's writer.[12]
- José Pliva (1966– ), actor and playwright.
- Jean Pliya (1931– ), playwright and short story writer.
- Alidjanatou Saliou-Arekpa, French-language novelist.[13]
- Arnold Sènou, French-language novelist.[14]
- Angèle Bassolé-Ouédraogo (1967– ), French-language poet, also connected with Côte d'Ivoire.[16]
- François Djobi Bassolet (d. 2001), journalist, historian, and cultural leader.
- Jacques Prosper Bazié (born 1955), poet.[Gikandi]
- Nazi Boni (1909–1969), politician and writer.[Gikandi]
- Sarah Bouyain (1968– ), writer and film director
- Simporé Simone Compaore (born c. 1956), French-language playwright.[17]
- Augustin-Sondé Coulibaly (1933– ), French-language novelist, poet and critic.[18]
- Bernadette Sanou Dao (1952– ), politician, poet and children's writer.
- D. Jean Pierre Guingané (1947– ), playwright, actor and director.[Gikandi]
- Zarra Guiro (1957– ), French-language autobiographical writer.[19]
- Ignace Ansomwin Hien (1952– ), novelist, poet and storywriter.[Gikandi]
- Monique Ilboudo, politician and writer.[Gikandi]
- Pierre Claver Ilboudo (born 1948), French-language novelist.[20]
- Sophie Heidi Kam (1968– ), French-language poet, playwright and novelist.[21]
- Sandra Pierrette Kanzié, French-language poet.[22]
- Joseph Ki-Zerbo (1922–2006), politician and writer.
- Amadou Koné (1953– ), novelist, playwright and short story writer.[Gikandi]
- Gaël Koné (1976– ), French-language poet.[23]
- Honorine Mare (1972– ), French-language poet and academic.[24]
- Roger Nikiéma (c.1935– ), French-language journalist, novelist and poet.[25]
- Suzy Henique Nikiéma (1983– ). French-language novelist.[26]
- Kollin Noaga, pseudonym of Ernest Nongma Ouedraogo, politician, novelist and playwright.[27]
- Dim-Dolobsom Ouedraogo (1897–1940), intellectual.[28]
- Titinga Frédéric Pacéré (1943–), museum curator and French-language writer.[Gikandi]
- Adiza Sanoussi, French-language novelist.[29]
- Etienne Sawadogo, French-language novelist.[30]
- Marie-Simone Séri (born 1954), French-language autobiographical writer also connected with Ivory Coast.[31]
- Jean-Baptiste Somé, novelist.[32]
- Malidoma Patrice Somé (1956– ), writer about religion.
- Maxime Z. Somé (1959– ), academic, politician and novelist.[33]
- Norbert Zongo (1949–1988), journalist and novelist.[Gikandi]
- Severin Cecile Abega (1955–2008), French-language fiction writer and anthropologist, author of Les Bimanes, Le Bourreau and Entre Terre et Ciel.[Gikandi]
- Marie-Therese Assiga Ahanda, chemist and novelist.
- Paul-Charles Atangana (1930– ), French-language poet.[34]
- Philomène Bassek (1957– ), French-language novelist, author of La Tache de Sang.[Gikandi]
- Francis Bebey (1929–2001), author of Les Trois Petits Cireurs, Agatha Moudio'son, The Ashanti Doll, Enfant Pluie and Ministre et le Griot.[Gikandi]
- Bate Besong (1954– ), poet.[Gikandi]
- Mongo Beti (pseudonym of Alexandre Biyidi Awala) (1932–2001), novelist writing in French.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Calixthe Beyala (1961– ), novelist writing in French.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Jacques Bonjawo (1960– ), software engineer and columnist.
- Bole Butake (1947– ), playwright.[Gikandi]
- Fernando d'Almeida (1955– ), journalist and poet.[35]
- Paul Dakeyo (1948– ), poet.[Gikandi]
- Mbella Sonne Dipoko (1936– ), English-language novelist, poet and painter.[Gikandi]
- Gaston-Paul Effa (1965– ), novelist.[Gikandi]
- Jean Marc Ela (1936– ), African liberation theologian, author of African Cry and My Faith as an African
- Samuel-Martin Eno Belinga (1935– ), poet, geologist and civil servant.[36]
- Professor Ndumbe Eyoh (1949–2006), playwright.
- Alexis Maxime Feyou de Happy, French-language playwright, author of Conscience Ouverte (1974), Dithy (2002), Fairy Tales from Propagamar (2006), Victus Libri/Classic African Art (2008), Les Mezzotiniales (2009), Bodanou le Petit Oiseau Rouge (2010), and La Septieme Colonne/L'Ombre de Meridor (2010).[37]
- Joseph Feyou de Happy (1921– ), French-language politician and historian, author of L'esprit des lois grassfields.
- Patrice Kayo (1942– ), poet, short story writer and oral storyteller.[Gikandi]
- Yodi Karone (1954– ), novelist.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Werewere Liking (1950– ), novelist also associated with Côte d’Ivoire.[Gikandi]
- Jeanne Ngo Mai (1933– ), French-language poet.[38]
- Claude-Joseph M'Bafou-Zetebeg (1948– ), French-language poet.[39]
- Achille Mbembe (1957– ), political philosopher.
- Rémy Sylvestre Medou Mvomo (1938– ), novelist and playwright.[Gikandi]
- Evelyne Mpoudi Ngole (1953–), French-language novelist, author of Sous La Cendre Le Feu and Petit Jo, Enfant Des Rues.[40]
- Engelbert Mveng (1930– ), French-language poet, author of Balafon.[38]
- Bill F. NDI (1964– ), English-language poet and playwright, author of K'cracy, Trees in the Storm and Other Poems, Mishaps and Other Poems, Toils and Travails, and Gods in the Ivory Towers.[41]
- Bernard Nanga (1934–1985), French-language novelist, author of Les Chauve-Souris.[Gikandi]
- David Ndachi Tagne (1958– ), novelist and journalist.[Gikandi]
- Charles Ngandé, French-language poet.[42]
- Simon Njami (1962– ), novelist.[Killam & Rowe]
- Jean-Jacques Nkollo (1962– ), novelist.[Gikandi]
- Etienne B. Noume, pen-name of Etienne NKepndep (1944–1970), French-language poet.[43]
- Jean-Paul-Nyunaï (1932– ), French-language poet.[38]
- Joseph Owono (1921–1981), novelist and diplomat.
- Ferdinand Oyono (1929– ), novelist.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Guillaume Oyono-Mbia (1939– ), playwright writing in English and French, author of Trois Pretendants un mari.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- René Philombe, pseudonym of Philippe-Louis Ombede (1930–2001), novelist and editor.[Gikandi]
- Francois Sengat-Kuo (1931– ), French-language poet, author of Fleurs de Laterite, Heures rouges, and Collier de Cauris.[38]
- Elolongué Epanya Yondo (1930– ), poet in French and Duala.[38]
- Delphine Zanga Tsogo (1935– ), feminist and writer.[Gikandi]
- Pierre Makombo Bamboté (1932– ), novelist and poet.[Gikandi]
- Etienne Goyémidé (1942– ), novelist, poet and short story writer: Le Silence de la Foret.[Gikandi]
- Blaise N'Djehoya (1953– ), novelist.[Killam & Rowe]
- Cyriaque Robert Yavoucko (1953– ), novelist.[Gikandi]
- Léonie Abo, (1945– ), autobiographical writer.
- J’ongungu Lokolé Bolamba (1913–1990), poet.[Gikandi]
- Raïs Neza Boneza (1979– ), poet and peace researcher.[46]
- Amba Bongo, writer and advocate for refugees.
- Lima-Baleka Bosekilolo, poet.
- Charles Djungu-Simba Kamatenda (1953– ), journalist, teacher, publisher, and writer.[Gikandi]
- Philibert Edme, writer
- Buabua wa Kayembe Mubadiate (1950– ), playwright.[Gikandi]
- Christine Kalonji, French-language fiction writer.[47]
- Kama Sywor Kamanda (1952– ), writer and poet.[Killam & Rowe]
- Maguy Kabamba (1960– ), writer and translator.
- Paul Lomami-Tshibamba (1914–1985), novelist born in Congo-Brazzaville.[Gikandi]
- V. Y. Mudimbe (1941– ), philosopher, academic and author.[Gikandi]
- Ngal Mbwil a Mpaang (1933– ), novelist.[Gikandi]
- Kavidi Wivine N'Landu, poet.
- Clémentine Nzuji (1944– ), poet.[Gikandi]
- Sony Labou Tansi (1947–1995), novelist and poet.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Kabika Tshilolo, French-language writer.
- Frederick Kambemba Yamusangie, novelist, playwright and poet.
- Lye M. Yoka, playwright and short story writer.[48] [Gikandi]
- Batukezanga Zamenka (1933–2000), novelist and essayist.[Gikandi]
Birth date not known
- Jean-Baptiste Abessolo (1932– ), educator and short story writer.
- Peggy Lucie Auleley, French-language poet.[52]
- Bessora (born in Belgium) (1968– ), novelist and short story writer.[Gikandi]
- Rene Maran, born near Martinique (1887–1960), poet and novelist.
- Chantal Magalie Mbazoo-Kassa, French-language poet and novelist.[53]
- Justine Mintsa (1967– ), French-language novelist.[54]
- Nadège Noëlle Ango Obiang, French-language short story writer.[55]
- Maurice Okoumba-Nkoghe (1954– ), poet and teacher.[Gikandi]
- Laurent Owondo (1948– ), playwright.[Gikandi]
- Angèle Ntyugwetondo Rawiri (1954–2010), novelist.[Gikandi]
- Joseph Wilfred Abruquah (1921– ), novelist.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Kobina Eyi Acquah (1952– ), poet.[Killam & Rowe]
- Ama Ata Aidoo (1940– ), playwright, poet, fiction writer and critic.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Lawrence Darmani (1956– ), novelist, poet, playwright, inspirational writer
- Kofi Aidoo (1950– ), short story writer.
- Mohammed Naseehu Ali, short story and non-ficton writer.
- Kofi Anyidoho (1947– ), poet and academic.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Anthony Appiah (1954– ), philosopher, cultural theorist and novelist.
- Ayertey Isaac, Pan-Africanist and Author
- Ayi Kwei Armah (1939– ), novelist.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- T. Q. Armar (1915–2000 ), publisher and textbook writer.
- Raphael Armattoe (1913–1953), poet.[Killam & Rowe]
- Bediako Asare, journalist and non-fictionwriter also connected with Tanzania
- Meshack Asare (1945– ), children's writer.
- Yaw Asare (1953-2002), dramatist and director.[57]
- Stephen Atalebe (1983– ), novelist.
- Ayesha Harruna Attah, novelist.[58]
- Kofi Awoonor (1935– ), poet, novelist and critic.[Killam & Rowe]
- Mohammed Ben-Abdallah (1944 – ), playwright.[Killam & Rowe]
- J. Benibengor Blay (1915– ), popular novelist, playwright and poet.[Killam & Rowe]
- Yaw M. Boateng (1950– ), novelist and playwright.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- William Boyd (1952– ), novelist.
- Kwesi Brew (1928– ), poet.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Nana Brew-Hammond, journalist, poet, playwright and screenwriter.[59]
- Margaret Busby, publisher and dramatist.[60]
- Abena Busia (1953– ), poet and academic.[61]
- Akosua Busia (1966– ), actress, novelist and screenwriter.
- Jacobus Capitein (1717–1747), minister and writer on slavery.[Gikandi]
- Adelaide Smith Casely-Hayford (1868–1960), short story writer and educator.[Gikandi]
- Gladys May Casely-Hayford (1901–1950), poet.[Gikandi]
- J.E. Casely-Hayford (1866–1930), politician and novelist.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Quobna Ottobah Cugoano (1757?–1801?), freed slave and autobiographer.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- J. B. Danquah (1895–1965), scholar, lawyer and politician.[Gikandi]
- Mabel Danquah (1910–1984), short story writer.[Gikandi]
- Amma Darko (1956– ), novelist.
- Joe de Graft (1924–1978), playwright and poet.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Michael Dei-Anang (1909–1977), poet, playwright and novelist.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Amu Djoleto (1929– ), novelist, poet and educator.[Gikandi]
- Cameron Duodo (1937– ), journalist, novelist and poet.[Killam & Rowe]
- Ferdinand Kwasi Fiawoo (1891–1969), playwright.[Killam & Rowe]
- Albert William Kayper-Mensah (1923– ), poet.[Gikandi]
- Asare Konadu (1932–1994), novelist.[Killam & Rowe]
- B. Kojo Laing (1946– ), novelist and poet.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Bill Okyere Marshall (1936– ), playwright and novelist.[Killam & Rowe]
- Kwame Nkrumah (1909–1972), politician and political theorist.
- (John) Atukwei Okai (1941– ), poet.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Martin Owusu (1943– ), playwright.[Killam & Rowe]
- Frank Kobina Parkes (1932–2005 ), poet.[Gikandi]
- Nii Ayikwei Parkes (1974– ), poet.
- Carl Christian Reindorf (1834–1917), pastor and historian.
- Kobina Sekyi (1892–1956), politician and writer.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Francis Selormey (1927–1988), novelist.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Efua Theodora Sutherland (1924–1996 ), playwright.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Asiedu Yirenkyi (1946– ), playwright.[Killam & Rowe]
- Mary Asabea Ashun (1968 - ), novelist.[62]
- Sylvanus Bedzrah, novelist.
- Kesso Barry (1948– ), autobiographer also associated with Senegal.[Gikandi]
- Saïdou Bokoum (1945– ), novelist.[Gikandi]
- Sory Camara, anthropologist.[Gikandi]
- Ahmed Tidjani Cissé (1942– ), playwright.[Gikandi]
- Koumanthio Zeinab Diallo (1956– ), poet and novelist.[Gikandi]
- Boubacar Diallo, novelist, short story writer and film maker: La source enchantée, 1953
- Alioum Fantouré (1938– ), economist and novelist.[Gikandi]
- Keïta Fodéba (1924–1969), poet and dancer.[Gikandi]
Lansiné Kaba, historian.[63]
- Elie-Charles Abraham (1919– ), poet.[Gikandi]
- David Jaomanoro (1953– ), poet, short story writer and playwright.[69]
- Esther Nirina (1932– ), poet.[Gikandi]
- Hajasoa Vololona Picard-Ravololonirina (1956– ),, academic, politician and poet.[Gikandi]
- Jean-Joseph Rabearivelo (1903–1937), poet and novelist.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Jacques Rabémanajara (1913– ), poet, playwright and politician.[Killam & Rowe]
- Raymond William Rabemananjara (1913– ), historian and writer.[Gikandi]
- Charlotte Arisoa Rafenomanjato (1938– ), writer and translator.[Gikandi]
- Elie Rajaonarison (1951–2010), poet.[70]
- Régis Rajemisa-Raolison (1913– ), poet and educator.[Gikandi]
- Jean-Luc Raharimanana (1967– ), French-language writer.
- Michèle Rakotoson (1948– ), novelist, short story writer and playwright.[Gikandi]
- Flavien Ranaivo (1914– ), poet and writer.[Gikandi]
- Ahmad Baba al Massufi (1556–1627), writer and scholar.
- Abdoulaye Ascofaré (1949– ), poet and filmmaker.
- Ibrahima Aya (1967– )
- Amadou Hampâté Bâ (1900 or 1901–1991), historian, theologian, ethnographer, novelist and autobiographer.[Killam & Rowe]
- Adame Ba Konaré (1947– ), historian and writer.
- Seydou Badian Kouyaté (1928– ), novelist and politician.[Gikandi]
- Massa Makan Diabaté (1938–1988), historian, author and playwright.
- Souéloum Diagho, poet.
- Aïda Mady Diallo, novelist and director.
- Aly Diallo, French-language novelist first published in German translation.[71]
- Alpha Mandé Diarra (1954– )
- Oumou Diarra (1967– ), born in Yugoslavia.[72]
- Doumbi Fakoly (1944– ), non-fiction writer.
- Aïcha Fofana (1957–2003), novelist.[73]
- Aoua Kéita (1912–1980), independence activist and autobiographer.
- Moussa Konaté (1951– ), French-language writer.
- Yambo Ouologuem (1940– ), novelist.
- Bernadette Sanou Dao (1952– ), author and politician.
- Fanta-Taga Tembely (1946– ), French-language novelist.[74]
- Aminata Traoré (1942– ), author, politician and political activist.
- Falaba Issa Traoré (1930–2003), writer, comedian, playwright and director.
- Richard Sedley Assonne (1961– ), Francophone journalist and poet.[75]
- Thomi Pitot de la Beaujardière (born 1779), Francophone poet.[76]
- Lilian Berthelot, poet.[77]
- Jean Blaize (1860–1937), Francophone writer.[78]
- Marcel Cabon (1912–1972), Francophone novelist.[79]
- Charles Castellan (1812–1851), Francophone poet.[80]
- Raymond Chasle (1930–1996), Francophone diplomat and poet.[81]
- Malcolm de Chazal (1902–1981), writer, painter and visionary.
- François Chrestien (1767–1846), Mauritian Creole poet and singer.[82]
- Lindsey Collen (1948– ), novelist and activist also associated with South Africa.
- Carl de Souza (1949– ), Francophone novelist.[83]
- Ananda Devi (1957– ), Francophone novelist and poet.[84]
- Maurice Duverge (1849–1891), Francophone poet.[85]
- Jacques Edouard (1964– ), Francophone journalist, poet and writer.[86]
- Jean Fanchette (1932–1992), Francophone poet and psychoanalyst.[87]
- Charles Gueuvin (1834–1905), Francophone poet.[88]
- Robert-Edward Hart (1891–1954), francophone poet and novelist.[89]
- Stefan Hart De Keating (1971– ), Francophone slam poet.[90]
- J. M. G. Le Clézio (1940– ), Francophone writer also associated with France.
- Léoville L'Homme (1857–1928), Francophone poet.[91]
- Yusuf Kadel (1970– ), Francophone poet and playwright.[92]
- Raymonde de Kervern (1899–1973), Francophone poet.[93]
- Félicien Mallefille (1813–1868), Francophone novelist and playwright.
- Edouard Maunick (1931– ), Francophone poet, writer, and diplomat.[Killam & Rowe] [Gikandi]
- Jean-Georges Prosper (1933– ), poet.[94]
- Camille de Rauville (1910– ), Francophone writer.[95]
- Pierre Renaud (1921–1976), Francophone poet.[96]
- Amal Sewtohul (1971– ), diplomat and writer in French and Mauritian Creole.[97]
- Khal Torabully (1956– ), Francophone poet.
- Paul-Jean Toulet (1867–1920), Francophone poet and writer in French and Mauritian Creole.
- Abhimanyu Unnuth (1937– ), Hindi writer.[98]
- Dev Virahsawmy (1942– ), politician and playwright.
- Paulina Chiziane (1955– ), Portugese-language novelist and short-story writer.
- Mia Couto (1955– ), novelist and short story writer.[Killam & Rowe] [Gikandi]
- José Craveirinha (1922–2003), Portugese-language poet.
- Luis Bernardo Honwana (1942– ), Portugese-language short story writer.[Gikandi]
- Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa (1957– ), Portugese-language novelist and short-story writer.
- Lina Magaia (1940s– ), Portugese-language novelist and short-story writer.[Killam & Rowe]
- Orlando Marques de Almeida Mendes (1916–1990), Portugese-language novelist.[Gikandi]
- Lília Momplé (1935– ), Portugese-language fiction writer.
- Amélia Muge (1952– ), writer and singer.[99]
- Glória de Santana (1925– ), poet.[100]
- Noémia de Sousa (1926–2003), Portugese-language poet.
- Ide Adamou (1951– ), poet and novelist.[Gikandi]
- Ousmane Amadou (1948– ), poet, novelist, lawyer and journalist.[Gikandi]
- Djibo Bakary (1922–1998), politician and writer.
- Andrée Clair, born and died in France (1916–1982), ethnographer and children's writer.
- Mahamadou Halilou Sabbo (1937– ), novelist and playwright.[Gikandi]
- Boubou Hama (1906–1982), politician and writer.[Gikandi]
- Hawad (1950– ), poet who advocates Tuareg independence.[Gikandi]
- Salihu Kwantagora (1929– ), songwriter and poet.[Gikandi]
- Hélène Kaziende (1967– ), teacher, journalist and short story writer.[102]
- Abdoulaye Mamani (1932–1993), poet, novelist and trade unionist.[Gikandi]
- Ide Oumarou (1937–2002), politician, diplomat and writer.
- Oum Ramatou (1970– ), French-language novelist.
- Andre Salifou (1942– ), politician, diplomat and academic.
Nigeria
- See: List of Nigerian writers
- Maggy Correa, French-language autobiographical writer.[103]
- Edouard Gasarabwe (1938– ), novelist and folklorist.[Gikandi]
- Jeannine Herrmann-Grisius, French-language novelist.[104]
- Alexis Kagame (1912–1981), priest, scholar, and writer.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Immaculée Ilibagiza (c.1970– ), autobiographical and religious writer.[Gikandi]
- Thérèse Muamini, French-language novelist.[105]
- Yolande Mukagasana (1954– ), French-language autobiographical writer.[106]
- J. Savério Nayigiziki (1915–1984), educator, translator and writer.[Gikandi]
- Cyprien Rugumba (1935–1994), scholar, poet and composer.[Gikandi]
- Benjamin Sehene (1959– ), novelist and non-fiction writer.
- Marie-Aimable Umurerwa, French-language autobiographical writer.[107]
- Marie Béatrice Umutesi (1959– ), French-language autobiographical writer.[108]
See: List of Senegalese writers
- Antoine Abel (1934– ), poet and fable writer.[Gikandi]
- Ishmael Beah (1980– ), child soldier and memoirist.
- Edward Wilmot Blyden (1832–1912), born in the Virgin Islands (see also Liberia)
- Adelaide Casely-Hayford (1868–1960), short story writer and educator.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Gladys Casely-Hayford (1904–1950), poet also associated with Ghana.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Syl Cheney-Coker (1945/47– ), poet, journalist and novelist.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- William Conton (1925– ), educator, historian, and novelist also associated with The Gambia.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- R. Sarif Easmon (1913– ), doctor, playwright and novelist.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Aminatta Forna (1964– ), memoirist and novelist.
- Africanus Horton (1835–1883), Creole African nationalist writer.
- Delia Jarrett-Macauley, academic and novelist.[113]
- Lemuel A. Johnson (1940/41–2002), poet and academic.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Yulisa Amadu Maddy (1936– ), playwright, novelist, and choreographer.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Abioseh Nicol (1924–1994), doctor and short story writer.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Lenrie Peters (1932–2009), poet also associated with The Gambia.[Gikandi]
See: List of South African writers
See: List of Sudanese writers
- Agoro Anduru (1948–1992), short story writer.[Killam & Rowe]
- Mark Behr (1963– ), fiction writer also connected with South Africa.
- Chachage Seithy Chachage ( –2006), sociologist and Swahili novelist.[114]
- Abdulrazak Gurnah (1948– ), novelist and critic.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Ebrahim N. Hussein (1943– ), playwright, essayist, poet and translator.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Euphrase Kezilahabi (1944– ), novelist, poet and scholar.
- Jacqueline Kibacha, poet.[115]
- Aniceti Kitereza (1896–1981), novelist.
- Amandina Lihamba (1944– ), playwright.[116]
- Ismael R. Mbise, novelist and academic.[Gikandi]
- Penina Mlama, playwright.[117]
- Sandra A. Mushi, poet.[118]
- Elvis Musiba ( –2010), businessman and swahili novelist.[119]
- Godfrey Mwakikagile, writer and specialist in African studies.
- Ras Nas, musician and poet.
- Julius Nyerere (1922–1999), politician and writer.
- Peter Palangyo (1939–1993), novelist.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Prince Kagwema (1931– ), novelist.[Killam & Rowe]
- Hammie Rajab, Swahili novelist.[120]
- Shaaban Robert (1909–1962), Swahili novelist and poet.[Gikandi]
- Gabriel Ruhumbika (1938– ), novelist and short story writer.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Edwin Semzaba, novelist, playwright, actor and director.
- Robert Bin Shaaban (1902–1962), poet, author and essayist.
- Shafi Adam Shafi, Swahili novelist.[121]
- Neema Komba, Poet.
- Gad Ami (1958– ), French-language novelist.[122]
- David Ananou (1917–2000), novelist.
- Félix Couchoro (1900–1968), novelist, also connected with Benin.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Richard Dogbeh, also connected with Benin, Senegal and Côte d'Ivoire (1932–2003), novelist and educator.
- Kossi Efoui (1962– ), playwright.[Gikandi]
- Emilie Anifranie Ehah, also connected with Senegal.[123]
- Christiane Akoua Ekue (1954– ), French-language novelist.[124]
- Koffi Gomez (1941– ), novelist and playwright.[Gikandi]
- Alemdjrodo Kangni (1966– ), playwright.[125]
- Kodjo Adabra (1974– ), novelist and academic.[126]
- Tété-Michel Kpomassie (1941– ), explorer and writer.
- Pyabelo Chaold Kouly (1943– ), autobiographical writer and novelist.
- Senouvo Agbota Zinsou (1946– ), playwright and short story writer.[Gikandi]
- Yves-Emmanuel Dogbé (1939– ), novelist, fable writer, poet and essayist.[127]
- Jeannette D. Ahonsou (1954– ), novelist.
- Mahmoud Aslan (1902–?).[Gikandi]
- Hachemi Baccouche (1916–2008), novelist and essayist.[Gikandi]
- Tahar Bekri (1951– ), poet in French and Arabic.[Gikandi]
- Rafik Ben Salah (1948– ), novelist.[Gikandi]
- Claude Bénady (1922– ), poet.[Gikandi]
- Slaheddine Bhiri (1947– ), novelist and poet.[Gikandi]
- Robert Blum (1901–?), French-language writer.[Gikandi]
- Hédi Bouraoui (1932– ), poet, novelist and academic.
- Hafedh Djedidi (1953– ), poet and novelist.[Gikandi]
- 'Ali al-Du'aji (1909–1949), novelist.[Gikandi]
- Aboul-Qacem Echebbi (1909–1934), poet.
- Salah Garmadi (1933–1982), linguist and poet.[Gikandi]
- Moncef Ghachem (1946– ), poet.[Gikandi]
- Sophie el Goulli (1932– ), novelist and art historian.[Gikandi]
- Gisèle Halimi (1927– ), lawyer, feminist activist and essayist.
- Muhammad Rachad Hamzaoui (1934– ), short story writer, playwright and novelist.
- Muhammad al-Mukhtar Jannat (1930– ), novelist and short story writer.[Gikandi]
- Ibn Khaldoun (1332–1406), polymath.
- Bashir Khrayyef (1917–1983), writer and teacher.[Gikandi]
- Muhyi al-Din Khrayyif (1932– ), poet.[Gikandi]
- 'Izz al-Dīn al-Madanī (1938– ), playwright and short story writer.[Gikandi]
- Mahmud al-Mis'adi (1911– ), novelist and playwright.[Gikandi]
- Abdelwahab Meddeb (1946– ), novelist and poet.[Gikandi]
- Fawzi Mellah (1946–), playwright and novelist.[Gikandi]
- Albert Memmi (1920– ), sociologist, novelist and essayist.[Gikandi] [Killam & Rowe]
- Mohamed Moncef Metoui (1943– ), playwright, director and novelist.[Gikandi]
- Chams Nadir (1949– ), novelist and short story writer.[Gikandi]
- Ryvel, the pseudonym of Raphael Levy (1898–1972), writer and journalist.[Gikandi]
- Youssef Rzouga (1957– ), poet.
- Amina Saïd (1953– ), poet.
- Walid Soliman (1975– ), writer, essayist and translator.
- Ahmad al-Tifashi (?–1253), poet, writer and anthologist.
- Mustapha Tlili (1937– ), novelist and academic.[Gikandi]
- N. H. Brettell (1908–1991), poet.[132]
- Patrick Chakaipa (1932–2003). novelist.[Gikandi]
- Paul Chidyausiku (1929– ), preacher and writer.[Gikandi]
- Bernard Chidzero (1927– 2002), economist and novelist.[Gikandi]
- Samuel Chimsoro (1949– ), novelist and poet.[133]
- Shimmer Chinodya (1957– ), poet, short story writer, novelist, and textbook writer.[Gikandi]
- Edmund Chipamaunga (1938– ), novelist.[134]
- Raymond Choto (1962– ), journalist and novelist.[Gikandi]
- A. S. Cripps (1869–1952), priest, short story writer and poet.
- Tsitsi Dangarembga (1959– ), novelist.[Gikandi]
- John Eppel (1947– ), novelist, poet and short story writer.
- Chenjerai Hove (1956– ), novelist, poet, critic and editor.[Gikandi]
- Adin Kachisi, science fiction writer and poet.
- Wilson Katiyo (1947/49– ), novelist.[Gikandi]
- Giles Kuimba (1936– ), novelist.[Gikandi]
- Doris Lessing, born in Persia (now Iran) (1919– ), novelist and short story writer.[Gikandi]
- Ignatius Tirivangani Mabasa (1971– ), poet and novelist.[Gikandi]
- Nevanji Madanhire (1961– ), novelist and editor of the Zimbabwe Standard.[135]
- Wiseman Magwa (1962– ), playwright.[Gikandi]
- John Marangwanda (1923– ), Shona novelist.[136]
- Dambudzo Marechera (1952–1987), novelist.[Gikandi]
- Nozipa Maraire (1966– ), doctor and writer.
- Edmund Masundire (1966– ), novelist.[Gikandi]
- Timothy O. McLoughlin (1937– ), novelist, poet and editor.[Killam & Rowe]
- Cont Mhlanga, playwright, actor and theatre director.
- S. O. Mlilo (1924–1995), Ndebele novelist.[Gikandi]
- Aaron Chiwundura Moyo (1959– ), novelist and playwright.[Gikandi]
- George Mujajati (1957–), playwright and novelist.[137]
- Charles Mungoshi (1947– ), writer and editor.[Gikandi]
- Solomon Mutswairo (1924– ) (see also Zambia), novelist and poet.[Gikandi]
- Geoffrey Ndhlala (1949– ).[Killam & Rowe]
- Emmanuel Ngara (1947– ), academic.
- Mthandazo Ndema Ngwenya (1949–1992), novelist, radio playwright and poet.[Gikandi]
- Stanley Nyamfukudza (1951– ), novelist and short story writer.[Gikandi]
- Freedom Nyamubaya (1958– ), poet.[138]
- Kristina Rungano (1963– ), the first published woman poet in Zimbabwe.[139]
- Stanlake Samkange (1922–1988), historian and novelist.[Gikandi]
- Ben Sibenke (1945– ), playwright.[140]
- Ndabezinhle S. Sigogo (1932–2006), novelist and editor.[Gikandi]
- Ndabaningi Sithole (1922–2000), historian, politician, and novelist.[Gikandi]
- Alexander McCall Smith, also connected with Botswana (1948– ), lawyer and novelist.
- T. K. Tsodzo / Thompson K. Tsodzo (1947– ), novelist.[Gikandi]
- Lawrence Vambe (1917– ).[141]
- Yvonne Vera, also connected with Canada (1964–2005), novelist, short story writer and editor.[Gikandi]
- Andrew Whaley (1958– ).[142]
- Paul Tiyambe Zeleza (1955– ), historian, critic, novelist and short story writer.
- Musaemura Zimunya (1949– ), poet, critic and short story writer.[Gikandi]
See also
References
- [Gikandi] Simon Gikandi, ed., Encyclopedia of African Literature. Routledge; 2002. ISBN 978-0415230193
- [Killam & Rowe] Douglas Killam & Ruth Rowe, eds., The Companion to African Literatures. James Currey & Indiana University Press; 2000. ISBN 0-253-33633-3
- ^ Georg M. Gugelberger, Marxism and African literature, p. 147
- ^ Patrick Chabal, The post-colonial literature of Lusophone Africa, 1996, pp. 159–60
- ^ Rogers, Sean. "Sousa Jamba". The Literary Encyclopedia. First published 18 February 2009. Accessed 17 February 2011.
- ^ Escrito por Nação Ovimbundu. "Luís Kandjimbo (Luís Domingos)". Ovimbundu.org. http://www.ovimbundu.org/Personalidades/Escritores-Ovimbundus/Luis-Kandjimbo-Luis-Domingos.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ "Dia Kassembe". Aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au. http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/KassembeDia.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ Livro ´´À conquista da dispersão à Kianda`` é lançado quinta-feira, ANGOP, 3 October 2010
- ^ João Maimona – Plural Editores
- ^ "Manuel Rui Monteiro" (PDF). http://sebentadigital.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/manuel_r_monteiro_poeta_angolano.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ "Barbara Akplogan: An author from Benin writing in French". Aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au. http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/AkploganBarbaraEng.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ "Dictionary of African Christian Biography". Dacb.org. 2007-04-01. http://www.dacb.org/stories/benin/aupiais-francis.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ "Gisèle Hountondji: an author from Benin writing in French". Aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au. 1997-02-18. http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/HountondjiGiseleEng.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ "Hortense Mayaba: an author from Benin writing in French". Aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au. http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/MayabaEng.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ "Alidjanatou Saliou-Arekpa: An author from Benin writing in French". Aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au. 2004-11-28. http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/SaliouArekpaEng.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ David Cadasse. "Arnold Sènou, « lauréat » Gallimard avec son livre « Ainsi va l’hattéria »". Afrik.com. http://www.afrik.com/article8025.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ "Batswapong history revealed". Mmegi.bw. 2010-12-03. http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=6&aid=7067&dir=2010/December/Friday3. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ Johanne Melançon, Lucie Hotte, Introduction à la littérature franco-ontarienne, 2010, p.131
- ^ "Interview with Simporé Simone Compaore". Aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au. 2003-12-02. http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/AMINACompaore.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ Recherche de personalités du Burkina
- ^ "Zarra Guiro: an author from Burkina Faso writing in French". Aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au. 2003-10-03. http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/GuiroZarraEng.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ Alain Joseph Sissao, Le roman burki nabè à travers Pierre Claver IIboudo, un écrivain au carrefour de la tradition et de la modernité, 1998
- ^ "Interview with Sophie Heidi Kam". Aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au. 2010-02-03. http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/AMINAKam10.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ "Sandra Pierrette Kanzié: an author from Burkina Faso writing in French". Aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au. 2003-12-02. http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/KanzieEng.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ "Gaël Koné: an author from Burkina Faso writing in French". Aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au. 2003-07-17. http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/KoneGaelEng.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ "AFLIT". Aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au. http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/saison.html#honorine. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ Félix Koffi Amétépé, Roger Nikiéma: Bon… micro ne saurait mentir!, leFaso.net, 26 October 2010
- ^ "Suzy Henique Nikiéma: an author from Burkina Faso writing in French". Aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au. http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/NikiemaSuzyEng.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ Recherche de personalités du Burkina
- ^ Pacéré Titinga, Dimdolobsom, l'homme, l'hommage, 2008
- ^ "Adiza Sanoussi: an author from Burkina Faso writing in French". Aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au. 2004-06-01. http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/SanoussiAdizaEng.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ Alain Joseph Sissao, ROMAN AFRICAIN ET LITTERATURE ORALE :RAPPORT DU ROMANCIER BURKINABE ETIENNE SAWADOGO AVEC LA LITTERATURE ORALE MOAAGA
- ^ "Marie-Simone Séri: an author from the Ivory Coast writing in French". Aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au. 2000-07-12. http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/Serieng.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ Caitucoli, C. 1988. Passé simple et passé composé dans Le miel amer de Jean-Baptiste Somé. Annales de l’Université de Ouagadougou (Série A Sciences Humaines et Sociales). Numéro spécial, 261–275.
- ^ "Maxime Somé – Biographie, publications (livres, articles)". Editions-harmattan.fr. 1959-10-30. http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/index.asp?navig=auteurs&obj=artiste&no=6264. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ Jacques Chevrier, Anthologie africaine d'expression française: La poésie, Hatier, 1988, p.145
- ^ Robert Fraser, West African poetry: a critical history, Cambridge University Press, 1986, pp. 281–86
- ^ Albert S. Gérard, European-language writing in sub-Saharan Africa, Volume 1, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1986, p.568
- ^ Donna Page, A Cameroon world: art and artifacts from the Caroline and Marshall Mount collection, p.46
- ^ a b c d e Albert S. Gérard, European-language writing in sub-Saharan Africa, Volume 1, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1986, p.506
- ^ Jacques Chevrier, Anthologie africaine d'expression française: La poésie, Hatier, 1988, p.171
- ^ Evelyne Mpoudi Ngole; Mpoudi Ngole, Evelyne. Sous La Cendre Le Feu, L'Harmattan, 2000; Petit Jo, Enfant Des Rues, Hatier International/Edicef, 2009.
- ^ Peter W. Vakunta and Bill F. Ndi, Nul n'a le monopole du Français, p.47
- ^ Richard Njornson, The African quest for freedom and identity: Cameroonian writing and the national experience, Indiana University Press, 1991, p.184
- ^ Janheinz Jahn et al, Who's who in African literature: biographies, works, commentaries, H. Erdmann, 1972, p.269
- ^ "1èreÉDITION DES JOURNÉES TCHADIENNES AU SÉNÉGAL : Pour vivifier un héritage culturel". Lematindafrique.com. http://www.lematindafrique.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1749:1ereedition-des-journees-tchadiennes-au-senegal--pour-vivifier-un-heritage-culturel&catid=38:culture&Itemid=86. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ Acheikh ibn Oumar, Fiche de lecture de : « Fils de nomade, les mémoires du dromadaire » – KHAYAR OUMAR DEFFALAH, 11 February 2010
- ^ Matt Meyer, Elavie Ndura-Ouédraogo, Seeds of new hope: pan-African peace studies for the 21st century, 2009, p. 325
- ^ Silvia Riva, Nouvelle histoire de la littérature du Congo-Kinshasa, Harmattan, 2006, p. 204
- ^ Lye Yoka (Democratic Republic of the Congo) Time of the Writer Festial 2004
- ^ "Mouna-Hodan Ahmed: An author from Djibouti writing in French". Aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au. http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/AhmedMounaEng.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ Jane Plastow, 'Alemseged Tesfai: a playwright in the service of Eritrean liberation', in Banham et al, African theatre in development, 1999, pp.54–60
- ^ Charles Cantalupo, Reesom Haile's poetry
- ^ "Peggy Lucie Auleley: lauréate du concours ACCT". Aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au. 1999-06-03. http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/AMINAAuleley99.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ "Chantal Magalie Mbazoo-Kassa". Aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au. http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/Mbazoo_kassa.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ "Justine Mintsa: An author from Gabon writing in French". Aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au. http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/MintsaJustineEng.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ "Nadège Noëlle Ango Obiang: An author from Gabon writing in French". Aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au. 2003-09-19. http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/AngoObiangEng.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ "Grey-Johnson, Nana (1951) – Gambian literature and writings". Gamwriters.com. http://gamwriters.com/africa/gambia/post/2008/8/16/nana-grey-johnson-1951-1. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ ' 'in Oxford Encyclopedia of Theatre and Performance, reprinted online
- ^ Interview with Ayesha Harruna Attah, 19 February 2009
- ^ "African Writing". African Writing. http://www.african-writing.com/four/nanabrewhammond.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ "Wasafifi Advisory Board". Wasafiri.org. http://www.wasafiri.org/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=68. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ "Abena Busia Discussion of Women Writing Africa". International.ucla.edu. 2007-12-14. http://www.international.ucla.edu/calendar/showevent.asp?eventid=6308. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ "Series combines literacy, science | Hamilton Community News". Hamiltonnews.com. http://www.hamiltonnews.com/news/series-combines-literacy-science/. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ Professor Lansine Kaba, Al Jazeera, 5 October 2010
- ^ "Siré Komara An author from Guinea writing in French". Aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au. 2006-10-11. http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/KomaraSireEng.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ Albert S. Gérard, European-language writing in sub-Saharan Africa: Volume 1, p. 286
- ^ Gitonga, Catherine (2007). Can Scars Become Stars. Nairobi: Revival Springs Media. p. 312. ISBN 9966724109, 9789966724106. http://books.google.co.ke/books/about/Can_scars_become_stars.html?hl=en&id=kYgXAQAAIAAJ.
- ^ Suha Taji-Farouki, 'Sadiq Nayhum: An Introduction to the Life and Works of a Contemporary Libyan Intellectual', The Maghreb Reiew, 25:3–4 (2000), pp. 242 ff.
- ^ Benghazi-Born Poet Mattawa Reflects on Growing up Under Gadhafi, PBS Newshousr==r, 2 March 2011
- ^ Thomas C. Spear (2000-11-26). "David Jaomanoro". Lehman.cuny.edu. http://www.lehman.cuny.edu/ile.en.ile/paroles/jaomanoro.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ Décès de Elie Rajaonarison, Madagascar Tribune, 29 November 2010
- ^ Die Täuschung, tr. Gabriele Henschke, 1987; La révolte de komo, 2000, Editions Gallimard. See 'The African voice in contemporary German literature', in Eleoma Joshua & Robert Vilain (eds.), Cultural exchange in German literature, pp. 162–64
- ^ Sébastien Le Potvin, Lettres maliennes: figures et configurations de l'activité littéraire au Mali, L'Harmattan, 2005, p.303
- ^ Irène Assiba d'Almeida, 'Aïcha Fofana: first woman novelist of Mali', in Debra Boyd-Buggs & Joyce Hope Scott, eds., Camel tracks: critical perspectives on Sahelian literatures, pp.271ff
- ^ "Fanta-Taga Tembely: An author from Mali writing in French". Aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au. 2003-07-16. http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/TembelyEng.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ Roshni Mooneeram and Jonathan Hope, From Creole to standard: Shakespeare, language, and literature in a postcolonial context, Rodopi, 2009, ch. 6
- ^ Belinda Jack, 'Mauritius and Reunion', Oxford Companion to French Literature. Reprinted online here [1].
- ^ Jeanne Ferval-Arouff, 'Femme et territoire: état de la femme écrivain', in Kumari R. Issur & Vinesh Y. Hookoomsing, eds., L'océan indien dans les litteratures francophones, Karthala Editions, 2001, pp.395ff
- ^ Michel Golfier and Jean-Didier Wagneur, eds., Émile Goudeau: Dix ans de bohème, Champ Vallon, 2000, p.418
- ^ Srilata Ravi, Rainbow colors: literary ethnotopographies of Mauritius, Lexington Books, 2007, p.4
- ^ Marina Carter and Khal Torabully, Coolitude: an anthology of the Indian labour diaspora, Anthem Press, 2002, p.67
- ^ Belinda Jack, 'Chasle, Raymond', Oxford Companion to French Literature. Reprinted online here [2].
- ^ Norbert Benoit, ed., Francois Chrestien (1767–1846) Dans Les Essais D'un Bobre Africain, 1998.
- ^ Peter Hawkins, The other hybrid archipelago: introduction to the literatures and cultures of the francophone Indian Ocean, Lexington Books, 2007, p.106
- ^ Amaleena Damlé, Ananda Devi
- ^ Camille de Rauville, Littératures francophones de l'océan Indien, Éditions du Tramail, 1990
- ^ Ile Maurice: Jacques Edouard primé par la Masa, AllAfrica.com, 28 May 2008
- ^ Belinda Jack, 'Fanchette, Jean', Oxford Companion to French Literature. Reprinted online here [3].
- ^ Jean-Georges Prosper, Histoire de la littérature mauricienne de langue française, Editions de l'océan Indien, 1994, p.67
- ^ Belinda Jack, 'Hart, Robert-Edward', Oxford Companion to French Literature. Reprinted online here [4].
- ^ Nouvelles études francophones, 23, p.302
- ^ Allister Macmillan, Mauritius illustrated: historical and descriptive, commercial and industrial facts, figures, & resources, p. 439
- ^ Yusuf Kadel, poet from the Mauritius Island, Times of Pondicherry
- ^ Jean-Georges Prosper, Histoire de la littérature mauricienne de langue française, Editions de l'océan Indien, 1994, p.160
- ^ Belinda Jack, 'Prosper, Jean-George', Oxford Companion to French Literature. Reprinted online here [5].
- ^ Jean-Georges Prosper, Histoire de la littérature mauricienne de langue française, Editions de l'océan Indien, 1994, p.225
- ^ Belinda Jack, 'Renaud, Pierre', Oxford Companion to French Literature. Reprinted online here [6]
- ^ Francofonia, 48, p.118
- ^ Lutchmee Parsad Ramyead, The establishment and cultivation of modern standard Hindi in Mauritius, Mahatma Gandhi Institute, 1985
- ^ Sandra Ponzanesi, Daniela Merolla, Migrant cartographies: new cultural and literary spaces in post-colonial Europe, p. 32
- ^ "A Bibliography of Lusophone Women Writers". Aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au. 1999-04-15. http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/FEMECalireLU.html. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ Sven Rosenow. "Die Biographie von Gilselher W. Hoffmann". Afrikaroman.de. http://www.afrikaroman.de/autoren/autor.a_z/autor_hoffmann_g.php. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
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